Small Ruminants

Clinical Case Study: Managing Bovine Babesiosis (Redwater Disease) in High-Yield Dairy Cattle

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Bovine Babesiosis, otherwise referred to as Redwater disease, constitutes an intracellular protozoan parasitic infection primarily affecting cattle by way of haemolytic action of the parasite species Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. Acute outbreaks of babesiosis among productive dairy cows, e.g., Holsteins and Jerseys, if untimely treated, often culminate in death due to respiratory insufficiency or … Read more

Clinical Case Study: Bovine Ketosis (Acetonemia) in High-Yielding Dairy Cattle

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Bovine Ketosis (Acetonemia) is a significant metabolic disease, which commonly affects high-yielding dairy cows and buffaloes, particularly during the first months of lactation. Contrary to numerous infectious and contagious diseases, ketosis is non-infectious and non-contagious. It develops due to a severe negative energy balance (NEB) similar to Hypocalcemia (Milk fever) caused by calcium deficiency or … Read more

Clinical Case Study: Acute Livestock Toxicology & Poisoning

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Acute toxicity in ruminants (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats) presents a high mortality veterinary emergency. Poisoning broadly falls into 2 clinical categories namely- Anti-Nutritional Plant Toxins (e.g. HCN/Cyanide in immature sorghum, Nitrates/Nitrites, Saponins), and Chemical/Heavy Metal Ingestion (Organophosphates, Organochlorines, Carbamates, Arsenic, Lead). Since ruminant gastrointestinal anatomy lacks an emetic reflex (preventing vomiting), ingested toxins are … Read more

Clinical Case Study: Retention of Placenta (ROP) & Acute Metritis in Bovine

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Retention of placenta (ROP) in dairy cattle and buffaloes is the inability to expel fetal membranes within 8 to 12 hours post-calving. Physiologically, placental separation involves the complex enzymatic breakdown and detachment of approximately 100 maternal caruncles from fetal cotyledons (placentomes). When the placentome separation fails, forced manual removal often leads to severe endometrial damage, … Read more

Clinical Case Study: Bovine Papillomatosis (Cutaneous & Respiratory Warts)

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Bovine Papillomatosis is a highly contagious viral neoplasia of cattle and other large ruminants caused by the Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV). While cutaneous (external) papillomas (warts) are easily discernible on examination, papillomatous growths affecting the oral airways and nasal mucosa present with significant diagnostic and acute clinical complications. Due to the origin of papillomas in viral … Read more

Clinical Case Study: Bovine Mastitis in High-Yielding Dairy Cows

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Parenchymal inflammation of the mammary gland, commonly known as Mastitis, is the biggest economical threat to any dairy operation. Mastitis is triggered by a wide range of environmental and contagious pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungal, and mycoplasma, which severely impair tissue structure, decrease milk production, and alter milk composition. High-yielding Holstein-Friesians and Jerseys often … Read more

Clinical Case Study: Snake Envenomation & Shock Management in Livestock, Equines, and Companion Animals

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Snakebites are a crucial veterinary emergency for valuable animals (cattle, buffaloes, horses) and dogs due to their unmonitored grazing in pastures / farms. Thus, snakebites are detected late which leads to severe neurogenic shock, necrosis or coagulopathy. The difference in venom pathophysiology is key to successful emergency triage. Many animals present with fatal neurogenic shock … Read more

Pregnancy Toxemia In Goats

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Pregnancy Toxemia, more commonly known as Ketosis, or Twin Lamb Disease (in small ruminants) is a metabolic disease affecting pregnant females during the last trimesters of pregnancy. Negative Energy Balance (NEB) is the underlying mechanism, which makes pregnancy toxemia prevalent mostly among high-yielding females carrying twins, triplets or quadruplets. Whereas in dairy cattle ketosis is … Read more